粉刷石膏防開裂綜合指南

　　Comprehensive guide for preventing cracking of plastering gypsum

　　粉刷石膏作為現(xiàn)代建筑內(nèi)墻抹灰的優(yōu)選材料，因其和易性好、粘結(jié)力強(qiáng)、硬化快等優(yōu)點(diǎn)被廣泛應(yīng)用，但施工不當(dāng)易導(dǎo)致開裂問題。要確保粉刷石膏不開裂，需從材料選擇、基層處理、施工工藝和環(huán)境控制等多方面入手。以下是保證粉刷石膏不開裂的全面解決方案：

　　Gypsum plaster, as the preferred material for plastering interior walls in modern buildings, is widely used due to its good workability, strong adhesion, and fast hardening. However, improper construction can easily lead to cracking problems. To ensure that the plaster does not crack, it is necessary to start from multiple aspects such as material selection, base treatment, construction technology, and environmental control. The following is a comprehensive solution to ensure that plastering gypsum does not crack:

　　一、材料選擇與配比控制

　　1、 Material selection and proportioning control

　　選用優(yōu)質(zhì)粉刷石膏材料

　　Select high-quality plastering gypsum materials

　　選擇符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（如GB/T 28627-2012《石膏基抹灰材料》）的產(chǎn)品，優(yōu)先考慮知名品牌，確保材料質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定。

　　Choose products that comply with national standards (such as GB/T 28627-2012 "Gypsum based Plastering Materials"), give priority to well-known brands, and ensure stable material quality.

　　檢查產(chǎn)品包裝是否完好，避免使用受潮結(jié)塊的粉刷石膏，受潮材料會導(dǎo)致強(qiáng)度不足和開裂。

　　Check if the product packaging is intact and avoid using damp and clumped plaster, as damp materials can cause insufficient strength and cracking.

　　根據(jù)施工部位選擇合適類型的粉刷石膏：底層粉刷石膏用于找平（厚度5-20mm），面層粉刷石膏用于精找平（厚度1-3mm），潮濕環(huán)境選用防水型。

　　Select the appropriate type of plastering gypsum based on the construction site: the bottom plastering gypsum is used for leveling (thickness 5-20mm), the surface plastering gypsum is used for fine leveling (thickness 1-3mm), and waterproof type is selected for humid environments.

　　嚴(yán)格控制材料配比與使用時(shí)效

　　Strictly control the material ratio and usage time

　　按照產(chǎn)品說明精確控制粉水比例（通常為1:0.4-0.5），過度加水會降低強(qiáng)度，增加開裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

　　Accurately control the powder to water ratio (usually 1:0.4-0.5) according to the product instructions. Excessive water addition will reduce strength and increase the risk of cracking.

　　攪拌充分：使用電動攪拌機(jī)攪拌3-5分鐘至均勻無顆粒，靜置2-3分鐘后再攪拌一次，確保添加劑充分溶解。

　　Stir thoroughly: Use an electric mixer to stir for 3-5 minutes until there are no particles, let it stand for 2-3 minutes, and then stir again to ensure that the additives are fully dissolved.

　　控制漿料使用時(shí)間：調(diào)配好的漿料需在初凝前（通常30-60分鐘）用完，初凝后嚴(yán)禁加水再使用，否則會導(dǎo)致粉化、無強(qiáng)度和開裂。

　　Control the usage time of the slurry: The prepared slurry should be used up before initial setting (usually 30-60 minutes). It is strictly prohibited to add water after initial setting, otherwise it will cause powdering, lack of strength, and cracking.

　　二、基層處理關(guān)鍵步驟

　　2、 Key steps in grassroots treatment

　　基層清理與修補(bǔ)

　　Grassroots cleaning and repair

　　徹底清除基層表面的灰塵、油污、脫模劑及松散顆粒，凸出部分應(yīng)打磨平整，凹陷處用水泥砂漿預(yù)先修補(bǔ)。

　　Thoroughly remove dust, oil stains, release agents, and loose particles from the surface of the base layer. The protruding parts should be polished flat, and the concave parts should be repaired in advance with cement mortar.

　　對于光滑的混凝土基面，需進(jìn)行鑿毛或涂刷界面劑處理，增強(qiáng)粘結(jié)力。

　　For smooth concrete surfaces, it is necessary to chisel or apply interface agents to enhance the bonding strength.

　　檢查并堵塞墻體預(yù)留孔洞，確保基層密實(shí)無缺陷。

　　Check and block the reserved holes in the wall to ensure that the base layer is dense and defect free.

　　基層濕潤處理

　　Grassroots wetting treatment

　　不同基材采取不同的濕潤方式：加氣混凝土墻體吸水慢，需提前一天多次噴水濕潤，深度達(dá)8-10mm，施工前30分鐘再噴水一次。

　　Different substrates adopt different wetting methods: Aerated concrete walls absorb water slowly and need to be sprayed with water multiple times a day in advance to a depth of 8-10mm. Water should be sprayed again 30 minutes before construction.

　　混凝土墻面應(yīng)在施工前一天全面澆水濕潤，施工前30分鐘再濕潤一次。

　　The concrete wall surface should be fully watered and moistened one day before construction, and then moistened again 30 minutes before construction.

　　濕潤標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：基層吸水飽和但表面無明水，過干會導(dǎo)致石膏失水過快，過濕會影響粘結(jié)。

　　Wetting standard: The base layer is saturated with water but there is no visible water on the surface. If it is too dry, it will cause the gypsum to lose water too quickly, and if it is too wet, it will affect the bonding.

　　接縫與特殊部位處理

　　Seam and special part treatment

　　不同材料基體交接處（如混凝土與磚墻交接）應(yīng)鋪設(shè)玻纖網(wǎng)格布，每邊搭接寬度不小于100mm。

　　Fiberglass mesh cloth should be laid at the junction of different material matrices (such as the junction of concrete and brick wall), with a minimum overlap width of 100mm on each side.

　　對已存在的裂縫，需先開八字縫清理干凈，用石膏膠漿填實(shí)，干燥后粘貼牛皮紙或?qū)Ｓ梅懒涯z帶。

　　For existing cracks, it is necessary to first clean the eight character joint, fill it with gypsum mortar, dry it, and then paste kraft paper or special crack prevention tape.

　　門窗洞口四角、線管開槽處等應(yīng)力集中部位應(yīng)斜向加貼網(wǎng)格布加強(qiáng)。

　　The stress concentration areas such as the corners of door and window openings and the grooves of conduit should be reinforced with diagonal mesh cloth.

　　三、施工工藝控制要點(diǎn)

　　3、 Key points of construction process control

　　分層施工原則

　　Layered construction principle

　　嚴(yán)格分層抹灰：單層厚度控制在5-10mm內(nèi)，總厚度超過10mm時(shí)應(yīng)分層施工，每層間隔時(shí)間以上一層初凝為準(zhǔn)（約4-6小時(shí)）。

　　Strict layer by layer plastering: The thickness of a single layer should be controlled within 5-10mm. When the total thickness exceeds 10mm, layer by layer construction should be carried out, and the interval between each layer should be based on the initial setting of the previous layer (about 4-6 hours).

　　總厚度控制：普通墻面不宜超過25mm，頂棚不宜超過10mm；超過35mm時(shí)應(yīng)采取加強(qiáng)措施（如掛網(wǎng)）或改用石膏板找平。

　　Total thickness control: Ordinary walls should not exceed 25mm, ceilings should not exceed 10mm; when exceeding 35mm, reinforcement measures (such as hanging nets) should be taken or gypsum board leveling should be used instead.

　　底層石膏初凝后用砂板搓毛，增強(qiáng)層間粘結(jié)；面層石膏在終凝前（約45分鐘）壓光，過早易起泡，過遲難壓平。

　　After the initial setting of the bottom gypsum, rub it with a sand board to enhance interlayer bonding; The surface layer gypsum is pressed and polished before final setting (about 45 minutes). It is prone to foaming too early and difficult to flatten too late.

　　防裂增強(qiáng)措施

　　Crack prevention enhancement measures

　　大面積墻面應(yīng)滿鋪玻纖網(wǎng)格布：在底層石膏上先滾涂白乳膠，再鋪設(shè)網(wǎng)格布，搭接寬度不小于50mm，外墻內(nèi)保溫墻面應(yīng)使用確良布。

　　Large area walls should be fully covered with fiberglass mesh cloth: first apply white latex on the bottom layer of gypsum, and then lay the mesh cloth, with a lap width of not less than 50mm. For external wall insulation walls, high-quality cloth should be used.

　　陰陽角處理：用紅外線水平儀彈線找方，陰角處用專用護(hù)角條加強(qiáng)，陽角用水泥砂漿做護(hù)角。

　　Internal and external corner treatment: Use an infrared level to mark the square with a line, strengthen the internal corners with special corner protection strips, and use cement mortar as corner protection for the external corners.

　　對于加氣混凝土等易開裂基層，建議整體掛網(wǎng)（玻纖網(wǎng)或鍍鋅鋼絲網(wǎng)）后再抹灰。

　　For cracked base layers such as aerated concrete, it is recommended to hang a mesh (fiberglass mesh or galvanized steel wire mesh) as a whole before plastering.

　　施工操作規(guī)范

　　Construction operation specifications

　　抹灰方向：先上后下，先左后右，用刮板緊貼標(biāo)筋刮平，凹陷處及時(shí)補(bǔ)料，反復(fù)修整至平整。

　　Plastering direction: First up and then down, first left and then right, use a scraper to closely adhere to the marked reinforcement and smooth it out. Timely supplement the material in the concave area and repeatedly adjust it until it is flat.

　　避免混合使用：嚴(yán)禁將粉刷石膏與水泥砂漿、石灰砂漿等其他材料混合使用，防止化學(xué)反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致開裂。

　　Avoid mixed use: It is strictly prohibited to mix plaster with other materials such as cement mortar and lime mortar to prevent chemical reactions from causing cracking.

　　落地灰處理：初凝前的落地灰可回收使用，初凝后必須廢棄，不得再加水?dāng)嚢枋褂谩?/p>

　　Ground ash treatment: The ground ash before initial setting can be recycled, but it must be discarded after initial setting and cannot be mixed with water for further use.

　　四、環(huán)境控制與養(yǎng)護(hù)管理

　　4、 Environmental Control and Maintenance Management

　　施工環(huán)境要求

　　Construction environment requirements

　　環(huán)境溫度控制在5-35℃之間，避免低溫（<5℃）施工導(dǎo)致石膏凝固不良，或高溫（>35℃）施工導(dǎo)致失水過快。

　　The ambient temperature should be controlled between 5-35 ℃ to avoid poor solidification of gypsum caused by low temperature (<5 ℃) construction, or rapid water loss caused by high temperature (>35 ℃) construction.

　　濕度控制：施工環(huán)境濕度不宜超過85%，雨季應(yīng)采取除濕措施。

　　Humidity control: The humidity in the construction environment should not exceed 85%, and dehumidification measures should be taken during the rainy season.

　　禁止通風(fēng)：施工期間應(yīng)關(guān)閉門窗，避免強(qiáng)制通風(fēng)導(dǎo)致石膏快速失水開裂，養(yǎng)護(hù)期間同樣保持環(huán)境穩(wěn)定。

　　Ventilation is prohibited: During construction, doors and windows should be closed to avoid forced ventilation causing rapid dehydration and cracking of gypsum. The environment should also remain stable during maintenance.

　　養(yǎng)護(hù)管理

　　maintenance management

　　粉刷石膏抹灰層在凝結(jié)硬化期（通常48小時(shí)內(nèi)）應(yīng)防止暴曬、水沖、撞擊和振動。

　　During the setting and hardening period (usually within 48 hours), the plaster layer should be protected from exposure to sunlight, water, impact, and vibration.

　　養(yǎng)護(hù)期間無需專門灑水養(yǎng)護(hù)，但應(yīng)保持環(huán)境濕度穩(wěn)定，避免快速干燥。

　　During the maintenance period, there is no need to spray water specifically for maintenance, but the environmental humidity should be kept stable to avoid rapid drying.

　　特別注意：廚房、衛(wèi)生間等潮濕區(qū)域需待防水層施工完畢后再進(jìn)行背面墻體抹灰，防止水分滲透影響。

　　Special attention: Wet areas such as kitchens and bathrooms should wait until the waterproof layer is completed before plastering the back wall to prevent moisture infiltration.

　　五、常見問題特殊處理

　　5、 Common problems and special handling

　　高溫干燥環(huán)境施工

　　Construction in high temperature and dry environment

　　在高溫季節(jié)施工時(shí)，可添加適量緩凝劑（需經(jīng)試驗(yàn)確定），延長石膏的可操作時(shí)間。

　　During construction in high temperature seasons, an appropriate amount of retarder (to be determined through testing) can be added to extend the operable time of gypsum.

　　抹灰后可用塑料薄膜覆蓋表面，減緩水分蒸發(fā)速度。

　　After plastering, the surface can be covered with plastic film to slow down the evaporation rate of moisture.

　　已出現(xiàn)開裂的補(bǔ)救措施

　　Remedial measures for cracks that have occurred

　　微小裂縫：鏟除裂縫周圍松動物，用彈性膩?zhàn)犹钛a(bǔ)，干燥后打磨平整。

　　Minor cracks: Remove any loose objects around the cracks, fill them with elastic putty, and polish them flat after drying.

　　較大裂縫：沿裂縫開V型槽，清理后灌注石膏膠漿，表面貼防裂網(wǎng)格布，再刮面層石膏。

　　Larger cracks: Make a V-shaped groove along the crack, clean and pour gypsum mortar, apply anti cracking mesh cloth on the surface, and then scrape the surface layer of gypsum.

　　結(jié)構(gòu)性裂縫：需先處理墻體結(jié)構(gòu)問題，再按正常程序進(jìn)行抹灰修復(fù)。

　　Structural cracks: The wall structure problem needs to be addressed first, and then plaster repair should be carried out according to normal procedures.

　　氣泡問題預(yù)防

　　Prevention of Bubble Problems

　　基層過于干燥或吸水不均勻易導(dǎo)致起泡，施工前應(yīng)均勻濕潤基層。

　　The base layer is too dry or has uneven water absorption, which can easily lead to foaming. Before construction, the base layer should be evenly moistened.

　　攪拌時(shí)應(yīng)充分靜置消泡，漿料攪拌后靜置5分鐘再二次攪拌可減少氣泡。

　　When stirring, it should be thoroughly allowed to settle and eliminate bubbles. After stirring the slurry, let it stand for 5 minutes before stirring again to reduce bubbles.

　　出現(xiàn)氣泡時(shí)，在石膏初凝前用刮刀刺破排氣并壓平。

　　When bubbles appear, use a scraper to puncture and flatten the exhaust before the initial setting of gypsum.

　　通過以上全方位的控制措施，可有效預(yù)防粉刷石膏抹灰層的開裂問題。實(shí)際施工中，應(yīng)根據(jù)具體工程條件和材料特性，靈活調(diào)整工藝參數(shù)，并加強(qiáng)過程質(zhì)量檢查，確保每道工序符合要求。特別要注意的是，粉刷石膏的防開裂是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)工程，從材料選擇到后期養(yǎng)護(hù)環(huán)環(huán)相扣，任何環(huán)節(jié)的疏忽都可能導(dǎo)致開裂發(fā)生。

　　By implementing the comprehensive control measures mentioned above, it is possible to effectively prevent cracking issues in the plastering layer of plaster. In actual construction, process parameters should be flexibly adjusted according to specific engineering conditions and material characteristics, and process quality inspection should be strengthened to ensure that each process meets the requirements. It is particularly important to note that the anti cracking of gypsum plastering is a systematic project, and from material selection to later maintenance, any negligence in any link may lead to cracking.

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